They don't advertise and they are largely unknown to the general public but niche perfumes are able to command prices of hundreds of dollars from men and women seeking to stand out.

Produced in small batches with high-quality, natural or rare ingredients, niche perfumes are becoming big business even while retaining their exclusive nature.

"We've had absolutely incredible growth," said Julien Sausset, director of Parfums de Marly, a France-based niche fragrance producer.

The company posted more than 50-percent sales growth in 2023 and expects more than 40-percent growth this year to $600 million in sales.

"People don't want to smell like others anymore. They want to free themselves, affirm their identity," Sausset told AFP.

Producers use high concentrations of unconventional ingredients to give their perfumes unique and complex scents, such as amber, bergamot, cedarwood, pink peppercorn, or rhubarb.

Niche perfumes account for 10 to 12 percent of the overall market, according to Sausset.

It will likely continue to expand as it is growing at 13 percent per year while mass market perfumes are growing between three and five percent.

Something different

Present in more than 80 countries, Parfums de Marly does most of its business in the United States, where a small bottle will set you back at least $250.

It plans to open a boutique in Paris near the Champs-Elysees in a neighborhood known as the Golden Triangle for its high concentration of luxury shops.

"What is important is to have a place where you can have your own salespeople do some storytelling and present the products," Sausset said.

The brand was created in 2009 by Julien Sprecher, an aficionado of the 18th century, when modern perfumery was created.

The name comes from the Chateau de Marly, located near Versailles, where Louis XV was known to throw lavish parties.

Niche perfumes tap into that sense of luxury. 

Julie El Ghouzzi, who wrote a book on the luxury industry, said the sector developed in reaction to the popularization of perfumes in the 1990s, when many brands seemed to resemble one another.

Some perfumers wanted to do something different, to "blow up the notion of masculine and feminine and developed perfumes around high-end ingredients, using the names of these ingredients and not brands," she said.

'Bottle code'

These independent perfumers "didn't have the money to order custom bottles, so they used rectangular ones for all their perfumes. And it worked," said El Ghouzzi.

Their success drove luxury houses like Dior and Cartier to imitate them with simple bottles to signal the product was niche, she added.

This "bottle code" has changed somewhat, with some perfumers now adopting more creative bottles, but beauty products giant L'Oreal still uses it for its niche perfumes.

But while the bottle signals to consumers a difference, it is what's inside that sets them apart.

"When a consumer pays 400 euros for a bottle of orange blossom perfume, it is in our interest to use top-quality orange blossoms in high concentrations," said Karine Lebret, L'Oreal's global vice-president for scent science and fragrance design.

"There isn't a top brand without its niche perfume today," said Eric Briones, who wrote a book about luxury and Generation Z (people born between the late 1990s and early 2010s).

He said the Chinese market and Gen Z particularly like niche perfumes in contrast to other luxury goods.

Then there is the ultra niche of bespoke perfumes.

Sylvaine Delacourte, who previously created perfumes for Guerlain, now has her own line of perfumes but also offers to create made-to-order fragrances.

A two-hour meeting is set up with customers to take a "trip in their olfactory memory". 

After that, a unique fragrance is created over several months. The price: 20,000 euros ($21,000) for two liters.